Bill of Rights: Key Constitutional Amendments

Speech, press, assembly, petition, and free exercise of religion; also bars establishment of religion.

The right to keep and bear arms (individual right, subject to regulation — Heller / Bruen framework).

Unreasonable searches and seizures; warrants generally require probable cause and particularity.

Grand jury (federal felonies); double jeopardy; privilege against self-incrimination; due process; takings (just compensation).

Speedy and public trial, impartial jury, notice of charges, confrontation, compulsory process, and assistance of counsel.

Excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments.

Powers not delegated to the federal government (nor prohibited to the states) are reserved to the states or the people.

Incorporates most Bill of Rights protections against the states and provides substantive/procedural due process.

No state shall deny any person equal protection of the laws — basis for discrimination review (rational basis / intermediate / strict scrutiny).

Slavery and involuntary servitude (except as punishment for crime).

Women’s suffrage — the right to vote cannot be denied on account of sex.

A two-term limit for the President.