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Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis

Biology exam cards on phases, checkpoints, chromosome numbers, and mitosis vs meiosis.

12 cards· by GuruOwl

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  1. 01
    What are the main phases of the cell cycle?
    G1 → S → G2 → M (mitosis + cytokinesis); G0 is a resting/non-dividing state.
    cycle
  2. 02
    What happens in S phase?
    DNA replication — each chromosome becomes two sister chromatids.
    cycle
  3. 03
    Order of mitotic stages?
    Prophase → metaphase → anaphase → telophase (PMAT), then cytokinesis.
    mitosis
  4. 04
    What aligns at the metaphase plate in mitosis?
    Chromosomes (sister chromatids) align singly at the equator.
    mitosis
  5. 05
    What separates in anaphase of mitosis?
    Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.
    mitosis
  6. 06
    Key purpose of meiosis?
    Produce haploid gametes and create genetic diversity (crossing over + independent assortment).
    meiosis
  7. 07
    What separates in anaphase I of meiosis?
    Homologous chromosomes (tetrads split); sister chromatids stay together until anaphase II.
    meiosis
  8. 08
    Crossing over occurs in which stage?
    Prophase I of meiosis (synapsis of homologs).
    meiosis
  9. 09
    Human somatic chromosome number vs gamete?
    Somatic: 46 (2n); gamete: 23 (n).
    numbers
  10. 10
    G1 checkpoint primarily checks what?
    Cell size, nutrients, growth signals, DNA damage — decide whether to enter S.
    checkpoints
  11. 11
    What do cyclins and CDKs do?
    Cyclin levels oscillate and activate cyclin-dependent kinases to drive phase transitions.
    regulation
  12. 12
    Mitosis vs meiosis: number of divisions and products?
    Mitosis: 1 division → 2 diploid identical cells. Meiosis: 2 divisions → 4 haploid diverse cells.
    comparison