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Major Eukaryotic Cell Organelles: Structures and Interrelated Functions

Ultrastructure and functions of nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, ribosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells.

10 cards· by GuruOwl

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  1. 01
    The nucleus is bounded by a double membrane that is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
    This continuity allows for efficient transport of mRNA and ribosomal subunits.
    Flashify::CellBiology::Nucleus
  2. 02
    The inner mitochondrial membrane is folded into cristae, which house the electron transport chain and ATP synthase.
    Folding increases the surface area available for oxidative phosphorylation.
    Flashify::CellBiology::Mitochondria
  3. 03
    Mitochondria regulate apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c into the cytosol.
    This release triggers the caspase cascade leading to programmed cell death.
    Flashify::CellBiology::Mitochondria
  4. 04
    The Smooth ER is responsible for lipid synthesis, drug detoxification via cytochrome P450, and calcium storage.
    Hepatocytes are particularly rich in smooth ER for metabolic processing.
    Flashify::CellBiology::EndoplasmicReticulum
  5. 05
    The Golgi apparatus performs O-glycosylation and modifies N-linked oligosaccharides received from the ER.
    The Golgi acts as the post office of the cell, sorting and packaging proteins for their final destinations.
    Flashify::CellBiology::GolgiApparatus
  6. 06
    Lysosomes maintain an internal pH of approximately 5 using proton pumps.
    This acidic environment is optimal for the activity of acid hydrolases.
    Flashify::CellBiology::Lysosomes
  7. 07
    Peroxisomes perform the beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs).
    Defects in this process can lead to metabolic disorders like X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
    Flashify::CellBiology::Peroxisomes
  8. 08
    Ribosomes read mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction and synthesize polypeptides from the amino to carboxyl terminus.
    This directional synthesis is universal across all known life forms.
    Flashify::CellBiology::Ribosomes
  9. 09
    Distinguish between the three components of the cytoskeleton by size and primary function.
    1. Microfilaments (7 nm): Cell shape and motility (actin). 2. Intermediate filaments (10 nm): Mechanical strength and nuclear anchoring. 3. Microtubules (25 nm): Intracellular transport and mitotic spindle (tubulin).
    Microtubules serve as tracks for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein.
    Flashify::CellBiology::Cytoskeleton
  10. 10
    Vesicular trafficking is mediated by coat proteins: COPII for anterograde (ER to Golgi) and COPI for retrograde transport.
    Clathrin is typically used for transport from the Golgi to lysosomes or the plasma membrane.
    Flashify::CellBiology::Trafficking