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TCP/IP Four-Layer Model versus the Seven-Layer OSI Reference Model

Layer-by-layer comparison of the practical TCP/IP model with the theoretical OSI model, key protocols, encapsulation, and data movement through the stack.

8 cards· by GuruOwl

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  1. 01
    The OSI model consists of 7 layers, while the TCP/IP model consists of 4 layers.
    The OSI model is a theoretical framework, whereas TCP/IP is the practical implementation used for the Internet.
    Flashify::Networking::Models
  2. 02
    The TCP/IP Application layer encompasses OSI layers 5 (Session), 6 (Presentation), and 7 (Application).
    This consolidation means functions like encryption (Presentation) and dialog control (Session) are handled within the application protocols themselves.
    Flashify::Networking::Models
  3. 03
    The Transport layer (OSI Layer 4) provides process-to-process delivery using port numbers.
    This distinguishes it from the Network layer, which handles host-to-host delivery.
    Flashify::Networking::Transport
  4. 04
    How do TCP and UDP differ regarding reliability and connection state?
    TCP is connection-oriented and reliable (ordered, flow-controlled); UDP is connectionless and provides best-effort datagram service with no guarantees.
    TCP includes congestion control, which UDP lacks.
    Flashify::Networking::Transport
  5. 05
    The TCP/IP Internet layer corresponds to OSI Layer 3 (Network) and is responsible for logical addressing and routing.
    IP (IPv4/IPv6) is the primary protocol at this layer.
    Flashify::Networking::Internet
  6. 06
    The protocol used for IP-to-MAC address resolution is ARP, which operates at the Link layer.
    ARP bridges the gap between logical IP addresses and physical hardware addresses.
    Flashify::Networking::Link
  7. 07
    During encapsulation, a Transport segment is wrapped in a Network packet, which is then wrapped in a Link frame.
    A frame is the only PDU that typically includes both a header and a trailer (CRC).
    Flashify::Networking::Encapsulation
  8. 08
    At which OSI layers do Hubs, Switches, and Routers respectively operate?
    Hubs: Layer 1 (Physical); Switches: Layer 2 (Data Link); Routers: Layer 3 (Network).
    Load balancers and gateways typically operate at Layer 7 (Application).
    Flashify::Networking::Devices